弗留利要塞城市帕尔马诺瓦航拍图，意大利 Aerial view of Palmanova, a fortress city in Friuli, Italy (© Riccardo Saponi/Getty Images)

弗留利要塞城市帕尔马诺瓦航拍图，意大利 Aerial view of Palmanova, a fortress city in Friuli, Italy (© Riccardo Saponi/Getty Images)

星形城市的几何之美 Geometry of a star city

弗留利要塞城市帕尔马诺瓦航拍图，意大利

从空中俯瞰，帕尔马诺瓦与其说是一座城镇，不如说是一颗精心绘制、嵌入意大利弗留利-威尼斯朱利亚平原的星。威尼斯共和国于1593年建立这座要塞城市，其设计兼顾防御、秩序与宏伟观感。街道从中央广场向外辐射，城墙则构成精确的九角星形。这种几何形态绝非偶然。帕尔马诺瓦成为近代早期军事建筑最具影响力的典范之一。其同心式防御工事最初由威尼斯修建，后来在拿破仑时期得到加固和扩建。

如今，这座城市属于联合国教科文组织世界遗产“16至17世纪威尼斯共和国防御工事”。航拍视角让其理念一目了然：美感与战略融于同一设计。穿过城门和棱堡，星形便不再只是形状，而是化为一座为从空中阅读而建的城市。

Aerial view of Palmanova, a fortress city in Friuli, Italy

From above, Palmanova looks less like a town and more like a carefully drawn star set into the plains of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy. Founded by the Republic of Venice in 1593, this fortress city was designed for defense, order, and spectacle. Its streets radiate from a central square, while its walls are shaped into a precise nine-pointed pattern. That geometry was no accident. Palmanova became one of the most influential models of early modern military architecture. It was protected by concentric fortifications built first under Venice and later strengthened and expanded during the Napoleonic period.

Today, the city is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site 'Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th Centuries.' Its aerial view reveals the concept at a glance: beauty and strategy combined in a single design. Walk through its gates and bastions, and the star becomes more than a shape—it becomes a city meant to be read from the sky.